Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine the financial situation of Afghanistan with a special focus on the role of the central bank in reducing the liquidity crisis. The purpose of this study is to understand the challenges that Afghan banks face in maintaining sufficient funds and meeting their obligations without incurring significant losses. Methodology: To address the research objective, this study has used a mixed method. First, we analyzed the documents obtained from international organizations, we examined the liquidity situation of Afghan banks. The research method of this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The results of this research describe the submissions and field observations so that they can have a clear picture of the financial situation. Banking and especially liquidity, once created, provide financial reports in response. Samples in qualitative research are often referred to as participants or informants. The selection of informed people in this research has been done using a targeted sampling method and with considerations that are directly related to the submissions of international organizations (UNDP), the World Bank, Central Bank Management (DAB) and other departments. Data by monitoring the banking sector and studying the submissions of international and domestic institutions such as Vision and Mission. Results: The findings of this research show that Afghan banks are struggling with severe liquidity problems. The decrease in economic activity, lack of public trust in the banking system and limited capacity have contributed to this issue. In addition, access to physical notes is also limited. This study shows that after the Taliban took over, several Afghan banks faced a lack of funds, which led some of them to declare bankruptcy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the legal implications associated with the illegal placement of Indonesian migrant workers in the context of human rights protection and the Indonesian government’s role in addressing the illegal placement of migrant workers and protecting human rights. Research methodology: The research method used in this study is a normative legal research method involving analysis of legal materials in the form of legal regulations, international conventions, policies, and legal instruments related to the illegal placement of Indonesian migrant workers. Results: The results showed that the legal implications related to the illegal placement of Indonesian migrant workers differed from the upheld values of social justice, legal protection, humanity, equality, and equality in Pancasila. Contribution: The government and the legal system must play active roles in ensuring equal human rights protection for migrant workers, preventing illegal placements, strengthening law enforcement, and ensuring fair access to legal services and protection for Indonesian migrant workers. The Indonesian government plays an important role in addressing the illegal placement of migrant workers and in protecting their human rights. Responsiveness to problems, responsibility for protection, responsiveness to diversity, collaborative governance, and prioritization of public values, governments strive to respond effectively and fairly to issues faced by illegal migrant workers and ensure equal protection of their human rights.

Purpose: High-voltage electrical equipment requires a grounding installation in order to protect lives in freshwater swamps with a hydrogen potential of 6.75. To build a grounding structure, it is required to know the resistance value and grounding materials, namely copper-coated rod electrodes at different depths. Research methodology: The research was conducted in a freshwater swamp close to the shampooing substation using field observations and direct measurement of soil resistance values, followed by a literature review and comparisons using COMSOL simulation and FEM Analysis. Results: The results of direct research and simulations indicate that in order to accomplish a grounding resistance value < 5 ohms according to the PUIL 2011 standard for a single rod system made of copper, it is necessary to optimize the depth of the grounding electrode within a range of 10 meters, which differs from the simulation results of ground resistance measurement and the Comsol application. The percentage error is 1.05%. Limitations: This research analyzes the results of measurements and grounding analysis using Comsol Multiphysics at a depth of 1 meter for a particular type of copper-coated round rod electrode at depths of 1, 1.5, and 2 meters. Contributions: The results of the study offer information on the usefulness of grounding resistance in freshwater wetlands with a pH greater than 6, where several rod electrode types are utilized to compare future research.